Therefore, as two color charges are separated, at some point it becomes energetically favorable for a new quark–antiquark pair to appear, rather than extending the tube further. Because of this behavior of the gluon field, the strong force between the particles is constant regardless of their separation. Whereas the electric field between electrically charged particles decreases rapidly as those particles are separated, the gluon field between a pair of color charges forms a narrow flux tube (or string) between them. The phenomenon can be understood qualitatively by noting that the force-carrying gluons of QCD have color charge, unlike the photons of quantum electrodynamics (QED). There is not yet an analytic proof of color confinement in any non-abelian gauge theory. Quarks and gluons cannot be separated from their parent hadron without producing new hadrons. In addition, colorless glueballs formed only of gluons are also consistent with confinement, though difficult to identify experimentally. The two main types of hadron are the mesons (one quark, one antiquark) and the baryons (three quarks). Quarks and gluons must clump together to form hadrons.
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the phenomenon that color-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated, and therefore cannot be directly observed in normal conditions below the Hagedorn temperature of approximately 2 tera kelvin (corresponding to energies of approximately 130–140 MeV per particle). Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation. If energy is supplied to the quarks as shown, the gluon tube elongates until it reaches a point where it "snaps" and forms a quark–antiquark pair.
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